Tax Obligations for Trusts in South Africa.

Trust taxation in South Africa is the most complex of all entity types. The fundamental principle is that trusts are taxed at 45% on retained income (the highest individual marginal rate), but income distributed to beneficiaries is taxed in the beneficiary's hands at their individual rates. This "conduit principle" makes distribution planning the single most important tax strategy for trusts.

Capital gains tax for trusts is particularly punitive: the inclusion rate is 80% (compared to 40% for individuals and 80% for companies), and at the 45% trust tax rate, the effective CGT rate on retained trust capital gains is 36%. If capital gains are distributed to individual beneficiaries, the 40% inclusion rate applies at the beneficiary's marginal rate, which is often significantly lower.

Section 7C of the Income Tax Act, introduced to combat tax avoidance through interest-free or low-interest loans to trusts, deems a donation equal to the difference between the official rate of interest and the actual interest charged on loans from connected persons to trusts. This deemed donation is subject to 20% donations tax. The impact is that interest-free loans to trusts now carry a real annual tax cost of approximately 1.7% of the loan balance per year.